enterococus faecalis
Membutuhkan specifics treatment dg specifics anti biotik combination.
Perbaikan tdk sekedar pergi n pulang ke dokter berganti macam2 dokter, tetapi harus dg penelitian terhadap si bacteria apa yg bisa membasminya termasuk bagaimana menata environtment pendukung pada tubuh tersebut.
Jadi bila test menyatakan postive demikian, seharusnya RS ybs akan memberikan penata laksanaan yg lebih lanjut dlm menyelesaikan hal dimaksud.
Juga tdk bisa atau tdk boleh mencoba2 sendiri antibiotik apa pun n melihat reda, baik atau tdk, karena justru akan menambah panjang daftar antibiotik yg di resist kan oleh sang bacteria.
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Author: Susan L Fraser, MD; Chief Editor: Burke A Cunha, MD more...
Updated: Sep 19, 2011
Background
Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora of humans and animals but are also important pathogens responsible for serious infections. The genus Enterococcus includes more than 17 species, but only a few cause clinical
infections in humans. With increasing antibiotic resistance, enterococci are recognized as feared nosocomial pathogens that can be challenging to treat.
Enterococcus species are hardy, facultative anaerobic organisms that can survive and grow in many environments. In the laboratory, enterococci are distinguished by their morphologic appearance on Gram stain and culture (grampositive
cocci that grow in chains) and their ability to (1) hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile, (2) grow in 6.5% sodium chloride, (3) demonstrate pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine aminopeptidase, and (4) react with group D antiserum. Before they were assigned their own genus, they were known as group D streptococci.
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most prevalent species cultured from humans, accounting for more than 90% of clinical isolates. Other enterococcal species known to cause human infection include Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus raffinosus and Enterococcus mundtii.[1] E faecium represents most vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).
Isolation of enterococci resistant to multiple antibiotics has become increasingly common in the hospital setting.[2]
According to National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) data from January 2003 through December 2003, more than 28% of enterococcal isolates in ICUs of the more than 300 participating hospitals were vancomycinresistant.
Clonal spread is the dominant factor in the dissemination of multidrug-resistant enterococci in North America and Europe.[3] Virulence and pathogenicity factors have been described using molecular techniques. Several genes isolated from resistant enterococci (agg, gelE, ace, cylLLS, esp, cpd, fsrB) encode virulence factors such as the production of gelatinase and hemolysin, adherence to caco-2 and hep-2 cells, and capacity for biofilm formation.[4, 3]
Enterococci have both an intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics, making them important nosocomial pathogens. Intrinsically, enterococci tolerate or resist beta-lactam antibiotics because they contain penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs); therefore, they are still able to synthesize some cell-wall components. They are intrinsically resistant to penicillinase-susceptible penicillin (low level), penicillinase-resistant penicillins, cephalosporins, nalidixic acid, aztreonam, macrolides, and low levels of clindamycin and aminoglycosides.
They use already-formed folic acid, which allows them to bypass the inhibition of folate synthesis, resulting in resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Enterococci also have acquired resistance, which includes resistance to penicillin by beta-lactamases, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides (high levels), and vancomycin.
The genes that encode intrinsic or acquired vancomycin resistance result in a peptide to which vancomycin cannot bind; therefore, cell-wall synthesis is still possible.
Unlike streptococcal species, enterococci are relatively resistant to penicillin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) that generally range from 1-8 mcg/mL for E faecalis and 16-64 mcg/mL for E faecium. Therefore, exposure to these antibiotic agents inhibits but does not kill these species. Combining a cell wall–active agent such as ampicillin or vancomycin with an aminoglycoside may result in synergistic bactericidal activity against enterococci.
The acquisition of vancomycin resistance by enterococci has seriously affected the treatment and infection control of these organisms. VRE, particularly E faecium strains, are frequently resistant to all antibiotics that are effective treatment for vancomycin-susceptible enterococci, which leaves clinicians treating VRE infections with limited therapeutic options.
Newer antibiotics (eg, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline) with activity against many VRE strains View updated Privacy Policy, effective January 16, 2012 have improved this situation, but resistance to these agents has already been described. A mutation (G2576U) in the domain V of the 23S rRNA is responsible for linezolid resistance,[3] whereas resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin may be the result of several mechanisms: modification of enzymes, active efflux, and target modification. Resistance of E faecalis and E faecium to daptomycin, a newer cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that acts on the bacterial cell membrane, has also been reported.[5]
Six phenotypes of vancomycin resistance, termed VanA, VanB, VanC, VanD, VanE, and VanG, have been described.
The VanA and VanB phenotypes are clinically significant and mediated by 1-2 acquired transferable operons that consist of 7 genes in 2 clusters termed VANA and VANB operons. In 1988, these gene clusters first were reported in
enterococcal strains. VanA is carried on a transposon Tn1546 that is almost always plasmid-mediated.
In the United States and Europe, the 3 major phenotypes include VanA, VanB, and VanD. VanA is the most common, and enterococcal isolates exhibit high-level resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, while VanB isolates have
variable resistance to vancomycin and remain susceptible to teicoplanin. The VanC phenotype is mediated by the chromosomal VANC1 and VANC2 genes, which are constitutively present in E gallinarum (VANC1) and E casseliflavus (VANC2). These genes confer relatively low resistance levels to vancomycin and are not transferable.
To date, the VanD, VanE, and VanG phenotypes have been described in only a few strains of enterococci.
Three patients infected with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) have been reported in the United States.[6, 7] The in vivo conjugative transfer potential of the vanA resistance gene from vancomycin-resistant E faecalis to methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) was confirmed in the first of these cases. This poses an emerging threat to patient safety. E faecium isolates with a complex-17 lineage have also emerged in hospital and community settings in 5 continents over just the past 2 decades. This continued global spread of resistant organisms and the creation of new, highly virulent pathogens from transfer of resistance genes underscore.
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Jadi jelas tdk boleh sembarangan.
Masuk ke RS yg benar, check all the possibility, repair with possible high cure antibiotik arrangement, while increased body performance.
Sallam,